Early menopause and hormone therapy as determinants for lung health outcomes: a secondary analysis using the PLCO trial (2024)

1. Xiaochun Gai1,
2. http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6740-979XYue Feng1,
3. Tessa M Flores1,
4. Huining Kang1,2,
5. Hui Yu3,
6. Kimberly K Leslie1,2,
7. Yiliang Zhu1,
8. Jennifer A Doherty4,
9. Yan Guo3,
10. Steven A Belinsky2,5,
11. Linda S Cook6,
12. Shuguang Leng1,2,5

1. ¹Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
2. ²Cancer Control and Population Sciences, University of New Mexico Comprehensive Cancer Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
3. ³Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
4. ⁴Huntsman Cancer Institute at the University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
5. ⁵Lung Cancer Program, Lovelace Biomedical Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
6. ⁶Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado-Anschutz, Aurora, Colorado, USA

1. Correspondence to Dr Shuguang Leng, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA; sleng{at}salud.unm.edu

• Smoking
• COPD epidemiology
• Emphysema
• Lung Cancer
• Tobacco and the lung

• Smoking
• COPD epidemiology
• Emphysema
• Lung Cancer
• Tobacco and the lung

Footnotes

• XG and YF are joint first authors.

• Contributors SL conceptualised this project, requested the PLCO data from The Cancer Data Access System (PLCO-981) and supervised the data analyses. XG, YF and HK conducted data analyses and summarised the results in tables and figures. HY, YG and SL defined early natural menopause and non-early menopause using the All of Us research program data and piloted the replication analyses, which were exclusively utilised in the peer review process. XG, YF and SL interpreted the results and drafted the manuscript. TF, KKL, YZ, JAD, SAB, LSC and SL critically edited the manuscript. SL is responsible for the overall content as a guarantor.

• Funding This study was supported by National Cancer Institute grant P30 CA118100, National Institutes of Environmental Health Sciences R01 ES035421, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute R21 HL173388 and American Cancer Society Institutional Research Grant IRG-21-146-25-IRG-01.

• Competing interests None declared.

• Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.

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